List of Figures

	Figure 1: The push and pull migration model applied to Portugal.
	Figure 2: Map of European net migration between 2000 and 2006, encompassing the expansion of the EU in 2004 (Source: GISCO, 2009).
	Figure 3: Map showing expected relative population change in the EU from 2004 – 2031. Note the gaps in data and also the varying spatial scales of resolution, especially in the UK and France compared with other countries (Source: GISCO, 2009).
	Figure 4: Map showing net projected cumulative changes in international migration for selected countries. Note the major gaps in data, representing some of the major source and destination countries for intra-European migration flows (Source: GISCO, 2009).
	Figure 5: Map showing expected primary flow directions of EU migration, in relation to the main source and receiving locations, as derived from the literature reviewed in the paper (Source: OPENspace).
	Figure 6: Map showing the expected secondary migration flows in the EU in relation to the main source and receiving locations, as derived from the literature reviewed in the paper. (Source: OPENspace).
	Figure 7: Map showing anticipated migration flows from outside the EU and their main destinations, as derived from the literature reviewed in the paper. (Source: OPENspace).
	Figure 8: The spatial pattern of land use types according to the model arising from migration processes at NUTSx (Source: OPENspace).
	Figure 9: Map showing the land abandonment in Dzerbene pagast (rural municipality), Latvia (Source: Simon Bell).
	Figure 10: Some examples of the results of depopulation and land abandonment in Latvia: a) a field no longer cultivated, becoming colonised by trees; b) ruined buildings following the dismantling of the collective farm system; c) an old farmhouse which has collapsed following abandonment. All examples from Dzerbene pagast, Latvia (Source: Simon Bell).
	Figure 11: A map showing the density of retired people along the coast of the Alicante region in Spain (Source: Zasada et al., 2010).
	Figure 12: Some examples of development and associated features resulting from international retirement migration in the Alicante region of Spain: a) an extra-urban “urbanización” housing development surrounded by traditional landscape elements; b) an “urbanización” next to a highly manicured and irrigated golf course; c) an example of highly manicured and water intensive non-native ornamental planting (Source: Ingo Zasada).
	Figure 13: Some examples of residential areas occupied by migrants from Cape Verde in Lisbon, Portugal: a & b) a poor area of informally developed and unplanned housing at Cova da Moura, Lisbon; c) social housing erected for poor immigrants near Cova da Moura. (Source: Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira).

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	Migration and its role in landscape change: previous studies
	2.1	Migration: Definitions
	2.2	Environmental support in the context of migration: The role of push and pull factors
3	Historical patterns and processes of migration
	3.1	Phases of migration
4	Types of migration
	4.1	Labour migration in the EU
	4.2	Forced migration
	4.3	International retirement migration (IRM)
	4.4	Internal migration
5	Characteristics of immigrants in urban areas
6	Predicted migration and resulting population changes
7	Land use change processes resulting from migration pressures
8	Projected effects of migration pressures on land use change at NUTSx
	8.1	Land abandonment in Latvia as a result of out-migration
	8.2	Suburbanisation of the rural coastal landscape in Spain as a result of international retirement migration
	8.3	Urban growth in Lisbon as a result of immigration
9	Conclusions
	References
	Footnotes
	Figures
	Tables