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"River Bank Erosion Induced Human Displacement and Its Consequences"

Tuhin K. Das and Sushil K. Haldar and Ivy Das Gupta and Sayanti Sen

	Abstract
1	Introduction
	1.1	Push factors for forced migration
	1.2	Purpose of the study
2	River Dynamics and Erosion
	2.1	Mid-channel bars
3	Human Intervention and Erosion
	3.1	Deforestation
	3.2	Dam and bridge construction
4	River Bank Erosion in the World
	4.1	Americas
	4.2	Australia
	4.3	Europe
	4.4	Africa
	4.5	Asia
	4.6	Impact of erosion on human life
	4.7	Human vulnerability across the world
	4.8	Relevance of vulnerability study in India
5	River Bank Erosion in India
	5.1	North West Region
	5.2	Central India and Deccan Region
	5.3	Brahmaputra Region
	5.4	Ganga (Ganges) Region
6	Impact of River Bank Erosion
	6.1	Impact of Brahmaputra river bank erosion
	6.2	Impact of Ganges river bank erosion
	6.3	Impact of Ghaghara river bank erosion
	6.4	Impact of Mahanadi river bank erosion
7	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
	Figures
	Tables

	Figure 1: Distribution of migrants by reasons. (Source: NSS, 2012)
	Figure 2: Bank erosion in different sections of an idealised river network. Image reproduced with permission from Florsheim et al. (2008), copyright by OUP.
	Figure 3: Relationship between river channel migration rate and drainage area of the Lower Mississippi River. Image adapted from Hudson and Kesel (2000).
	Figure 4: Rivers in India. (Source: http://nroer.in/gstudio/resources/imagecollection/colln/35270/)
	Figure 5: Erosion and fill-ups of Brahmaputra River form 1966 to 2008. Image reproduced with permission from Dutta et al. (2010).
	Figure 6: Course of river Ganga (Ganges) in West Bengal.
	Figure 7: Channel configuration of River Ganges during the period 1776 to 2010 (all figures are not to scale). Image adapted from Sinha and Ghosh (2012).
	Figure 8: Impact of river bank erosion
	Figure 9: Frequency of displacement of population in Methidanga village. (Source: Chatterjee and Mistri, 2013)
	Figure 10: Percentage of population suffering loss. (Source: Chatterjee and Mistri, 2013)
	Figure 11: Continuous process of forced migration.
	Figure 12: Distribution according to primary occupation. (Source: DHDR, 2007)