Appendix: Landscape perspectives of rivers

A Appendix: Landscape perspectives of rivers

Figure I: The Upper Mainstem Willamette River, Oregon, USA. Photo by Steve Cline, USEPA-Corvallis. Despite being channelized in the early 20th century and having multiple hydropower dams in its major tributaries, the upper mainstem of this floodplain river retains channel complexity in the form of side channels, islands, and alcoves.

Figure II: Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Photo taken by Carlos Alves, Manuelzao Project. Lacking mainstem or major tributary dams, the das Velhas floods during the rainy season and supports multiple, permanent, off-channel lakes (lagoas) providing reproductive and rearing habitat for aquatic vertebrates.

Figure III: Upper Danube River, Germany. Photo taken by Ashley Steel. This large floodplain river has lost much of its floodplain connectivity as a result of channelization and system-wide dams and locks.

Figure IV: Tagliamento River, Italy. Photo taken by Susanne Muhar. The Tagliamento is one of the largest undammed rivers in western Europe and its braided and anastamosed channels are indicative of high bedload from the Alps.

Figure V: Mekong River and its tributary in Cambodia. Photo taken by Seiichi Nohara during the rainy season. The tributary of this floodplain river is visible only because the riparian forest canopy is barely higher than the water level.

Figure VI: The River Enns, Styria, Austria. Photo from Gesaeuse National Park. Hydropower dams, canals, and channelization limit connectivity of the Enns with its floodplain.

Figure VII: Intermittent tributaries of the Calapooia River, Oregon, USA. Photo by Randy Colvin, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University. Nearly all of the visible channels (agricultural ditches) are only wet during the rainy season, yet they provide overwintering refuge habitat for spawning and rearing native fish, including salmonids.

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	Drivers of large-scale riverine research
	2.1	Policy drivers
	2.2	Ecological drivers
	2.3	Technological drivers
3	Conceptual history of landscape-scale riverine research
4	Challenges to landscape riverine research
	4.1	Has new research utilized the strengths of new technologies or are we doing the same old stuff with more expensive data?
	4.2	Have we incorporated key concepts from landscape ecology to improve our understanding of how landscapes affect rivers?
	4.3	Have we been able to use landscape analyses to address management and policy needs?
5	Opportunities in landscape-scale riverine research
	5.1	Moving toward mechanism
	5.2	Spatio-temporal structure of human impacts
	5.3	Statistical opportunities
	5.4	Defining the right metrics
6	Conclusions
7	Acknowledgements
A	Appendix: Landscape perspectives of rivers
	References
	Figures
	Tables