| * | 
                 | 
                Abdulrashid, L. and Mashi, S. A. (2014), “Soil degradation in marginal areas: perspectives of farming 
communities of semi-arid areas of Katsina State, Northern Nigeria”, International Journal of 
Innovative Research & Development, 3(4): 449–460. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.ijird.com/index.php/ijird/article/view/48770. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Abule, E., Snyman, H. A. and Smit, G. N. (2005), “Comparisons of pastoralists perceptions about 
rangeland resource utilization in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia”, Journal of Environmental 
Management, 75: 21–35, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Agyemang, I. (2012), “Assessing the driving forces of environmental degradation in Northern Ghana: 
Community truthing approach”, African Journal of History and Culture, 4(4): 59–68, [ DOI]. URL 
(accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJHC/article-abstract/82DDD2541041. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Akinnagbe, O. M. and Umukoro, E. (2011), “Farmers’ perception of the effects of land degradation 
on agricultural activities in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria”, 
Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 76(2): 135–141. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  https://acs.agr.hr/acs/index.php/acs/article/view/625. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Antle, J. M., Stoorvogel, J. J. and Valdivia, R. (2006), “Multiple equilibria, soil conservation 
investments, and the resilience of agricultural systems”, Environment and Development Economics, 
11: 477–492, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Bai, Z. G., Dent, D. L., Olsson, L. and Schaepman, M. E. (2008), “Proxy global assessment of land 
degradation”, Soil Use and Management, 24: 223–234, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Bayard, B. and Jolly, C. (2007), “Environmental behavior, structure and socio-economic conditions of 
hillside farmers: A multiple-group structural equation modeling approach”, Ecological Economics, 
62: 433–440, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Bisaro, A., Kirk, M., Zdruli, P. and Zimmermann, W. (2014), “Global drivers setting desertification 
research priorities: insights from a stakeholder consultation forum”, Land Degradation & 
Development, 25(1): 5–16, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Blaikie, P. and Brookfield, H. (1987), Land Degradation and Society, London (Methuen). 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Bocco, G. (1991), “Traditional knowledge for soil conservation in central Mexico”, Journal of Soil 
and Water Conservation, 46(5): 346–348. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Börjeson, L. (2007), “Boserup backwards? Agricultural intensification as ‘its own driving force’ 
in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania”, Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 89B(3): 
249–267, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Bossio, D., Noble, A., Pretty, J. and de Vries, F. P. (2004), “Reversing land and water degradation: 
trends and ‘bright spot’ opportunities”, Paper presented at the SIWI/CA Seminar, 21 August 
2004, Stockholm, Sweden, conference paper. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Boyd, C. and Slaymaker, T. (2000), “Re-examining the ‘More people less erosion’ hypothesis: Special 
case or wider trend?”, ODI Natural Resource Perspectives, 63: 1–6. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Bremner, J., López-Carr, D., Suter, L. and Davis, J. (2010), “Population, poverty, environment, 
and climate dynamics in the developing world”, Interdisciplinary Environmental Review, 11(2/3): 
112–126, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Carr, D. L., Suter, L. and Barbieri, A. (2005), “Population dynamics and tropical deforestation: 
state of the debate and conceptual challenges”, Population and Environment, 27: 89–113, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Carr, S. J. (2003), “More people more soil degradation: the Malawi experience”, in Nampala, M. P., 
Tenywa, J. S., Mwangombe, A. W., Osiru, M., Kawuki, R. and Biruma, M., eds., The Sixth 
African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 12 – 17 October 2003, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 401–405, 
El-Minia, Egypt (African Crop Science). URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.acss.ws/?t=a_conf&s=4. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Cervantes-Gutiérrez, V., Gama-Castro, J. E., Hernández-Cárdenas, G. and del Castillo, J. A. 
(2005), “The land classification system of the San Nicolás Zoyatlán (Mexico) Nahuatl indigenous 
community: a basis for a suitable parametric soil use proposal”, Human Ecology Review, 12: 44–59. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Chizana, C. T., Mapfumo, P., Albrecht, A., Van Wijk, A. and Giller, K. (2007), “Smallholder 
farmers’ perception on land degradation and soil erosion in Zimbabwe”, in Nampala, M. P., 
Tenywa, J. S., Mwangombe, A. W., Osiru, M., Kawuki, R. and Biruma, M., eds., The Eight 
African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 27 – 31 October 2007, El-Minia, Egypt, pp. 
1485–1490, El-Minia, Egypt (African Crop Science). URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.acss.ws/?t=a_conf&s=4. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Ciparisse, G., ed. (2003), Multilingual Thesaurus on Land Tenure, Rome (FAO). URL (accessed 12 
September 2014): 
  http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/X2038E/X2038E00.htm. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Clément, F. (2006), “How do farmers make decisions in a land degradation context? A case study 
from northern Vietnam”, in Gebbie, L., Glendinning, A., Lefroy-Braun, R. and Victor, M., eds., 
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Sloping Lands and Watershed 
Management: Linking Research to Strengthen Upland Policies and Practices, 12 – 15 December 
2006, Luang Prabang, Laos PDR, pp. 528–550, Vientiane (NAFRI). Online version (accessed 
October 2014): 
  http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010043655. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Contreras-Hermosilla, A. (2000), “The underlying causes of forest decline”, CIFOR Occasional Paper, 
 30, Bogor, Indonesia (Center for International Forestry Research). URL (accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-030.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Dahal, S., Nepal, S. K. and Schuett, M. A. (2014), “Examining Marginalized Communities and Local 
Conservation Institutions: The Case of Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area”, Environmental 
Management, 53(1): 219–230, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Dejene, A., Shishira, E. K., Yanda, P. Z. and Johnsen, F. H. (1997), “Land Degradation in Tanzania: 
perception from the village”, World Bank Technical Paper, 370, Washington, DC (The World 
Bank). URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://go.worldbank.org/IX2YMW2D00. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Dembele, A. (2006), Stakeholders’ perception of land degradation and the management in Bmaba, 
Mali, Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås. Online version (accessed October 
2014): 
  http://ibrarian.net/navon/paper/STAKEHOLDERS__PERCEPTION_OF_LAND_DEGRADATION_AND_.pdf?paperid=6106355. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Dembélé, Y. (2006), Land degradation and its effect on livelihood on Malian semi-arid zone, Nara, 
Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås. Online version (accessed October 
2014): 
  http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/LAND_DEGRADATION_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_LIVELIHOOD_ON_.pdf?paperid=11723974. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Di Falco, S. J., Chavas, J.-P. and Smale, M. (2006), “Farmer management of production risk on 
degraded lands: the role of wheat genetic diversity in Tigray Region, Ethiopia”, EPT Discussion 
Paper, 153, Washington, DC (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)). URL 
(accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/eptdp153.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Dietz, T. J., Erdenechuluun, T., Hess, S. and Enkh-Amgalan, A. (2005), “Carrying capacity 
dynamics, livestock commercialization and land degradation in Mongolia’s free market era”, PREM 
Working Paper, 5/10, Amsterdam (VU University). Online version (accessed June 2014): 
  http://ssrn.com/abstract=850075. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Douglas, I. (2006), “The local drivers of land degradation in South-East Asia”, Geographical Research, 
44: 123–134, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Erickson, C. L. (2006), “Intensification, political economy, and the farming community: in defense of 
a bottom-up perspective of the past”, in Marcus, J. and Stanish, C., eds., Agricultural Strategies, 
pp. 334–363, Los Angeles (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California). 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Eswaran, H., Lal, R. and Reich, P. F. (2001), “Land degradation: an overview”, in Bridges, E. M., 
Hannam, I. D., Oldeman, L. R., Pening de Vries, F. W. T., Scherr, S. J. and Sompatpanit, 
S., eds., Responses to land degradation, Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Land 
Degradation and Desertification, Khon Kaen, Thailand, New Delhi, India (Oxford Press). Online 
version (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054028. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Geist, H. J. and Lambin, E. F. (2001), “What Drives Tropical Deforestation? A meta-analysis of 
proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on sub-national case study evidence”, 
LUCC Report Series,  4, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (LUCC International Project Office). Online 
version (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~luedeke/lucc4.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Geist, H. J. and Lambin, E. F. (2004), “Dynamic causal patterns of desertification”, BioScience, 
54(9): 817–829, [ 0.CO;2]DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Gisladottir, G. and Stocking, M. (2005), “Land degradation control and its global environmental 
benefits”, Land Degradation & Development, 16: 99–112, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Gray, L. C. and Morant, P. (2003), “Reconciling indigenous knowledge with scientific assessment of 
soil fertility changes in southwestern Burkina Faso”, Geoderma, 111: 425–437, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Hammad, A. A. and Børresen, T. (2006), “Socioeconomic factors affecting farmers’ perceptions of 
land degradation and stonewall terraces in Central Palestine”, Environmental Management, 37: 
380–394, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Hurni, H. (2000), “Assessing sustainable land management (SLM)”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & 
Environment, 81: 83–92, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Jones, S. (2002), “A framework for understanding on-farm environmental degradation and constraints 
to the adoption of soil conservation measures: case studies from highland Tanzania and Thailand”, 
World Development, 30(9): 1607–1620, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Kassa, Y., Beyene, F., Haji, J. and Legesse, B. (2013), “Farmers’ perception of the impact of land 
degradation and soil and water conservation measures in West Harerghe Zone of Oromia National 
Regional State, Ethiopia”, Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 3(11): 13–18. URL 
(accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/7249. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Katjiua, M. and Ward, D. (2007), “Pastoralists’ perceptions and realities of vegetation change and 
browse consumption in the northern Kalahari, Namibia”, Journal of Arid Environments, 69: 
716–730, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Kessler, C. A. and Stroosnijder, L. (2006), “Land degradation assessment by farmers in Bolivian 
mountain valleys”, Land Degradation & Development, 17: 235–248, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Khwarae, G. M. (2006), Community perceptions of rangeland degradation and management systems 
in Loologane and Shadishadi, Kweneng North, Botswana, Master’s thesis, Norwegian University 
of Life Sciences, Ås. Online version (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.umb.no/statisk/noragric/publications/master/2006_geofrey_khwarae.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Kiage, L. M. (2013), “Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of 
Sub-Saharan Africa”, Progress in Physical Geography, 37: 664–684, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Kissinger, G., Herold, M. and De Sy, V. (2012), “Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation: 
a synthesis report for REDD+ policymakers”, Vancouver, Canada (Lexeme Consulting). Online 
version (accessed June 2014): 
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/66151/Drivers_of_deforestation_and_forest_degradation.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Kondolf, G. M. and Podolak, K. (2014), “Space and time scales in human-landscape systems”, 
Environmental Management, 53: 76–87, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Lapar, M. L. A. and Pandey, S. (1999), “Adoption of soil conservation: the case of the Philippine 
uplands”, Agricultural Economics, 21: 241–256, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Lestrelin, G. and Giordano, M. (2006), “Approaching land degradation in the uplands of Laos: 
looking beyond the proximate causes”, International Symposium Towards Sustainable Livelihoods 
and Ecosystems in Mountainous Regions, 7 – 9 March 2006, Chiang Mai, Thailand, conference 
paper. Online version (accessed June 2014): 
  https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/sfb564/events/uplands2006/CPS-4-1Lestrelin-full.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Lestrelin, G., Pellestreau, A. and Valentin, C. (2006), “Local knowledge and land degradation: a 
case study in the uplands of Laos PDR”, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on 
Sustainable Sloping Lands and Watershed Management, 12 – 15 December 2006, Luang Prabang, 
Laos PDR, pp. 270–286, Vientiane (NAFRI). Online version (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010043653. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Leutlwetse, C. (2006), Farmers’ perception of socio-economic constraints and coping strategies in 
crop production in Mopipi, Botswana, Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås. 
URL (accessed October 2013): 
  http://www.bio.uio.no/cees/doc/GEFIVP/gefivp3.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Li, G., Jiang, G., Li, Y., Liu, M., Peng, Y., Li, L. and Han, X. (2007), “A new approach to the fight 
against desertification in Inner Mongolia”, Environmental Conservation, 34: 95–97, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Macharia, P. N. (2004), “Community based interventions as a strategy to combat desertification 
in the arid and semi-arid rangelands of Kajiado district, Kenya”, Environmental Monitoring and 
Assessment, 99: 141–147, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Mairura, F. S., Mugendi, D. N., Mwanje, J. I., Ramisch, J. J., Mbugua, P. K. and Chiang, J. N. 
(2007), “Integrating scientific and farmers’ evaluation of soil quality indicators in Central Kenya”, 
Geoderma, 139: 134–143, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Maitima, J. M., Mugatha, S. M., Reid, R. S., Gachimbi, L. N., Majule, A., Lyaruu, H., Pomery, 
D., Mathai, S. and Mugisha, S. (2009), “The linkages between land use change, land degradation 
and biodiversity across East Africa”, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 
3(10): 310–325, [ DOI]. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJEST/article-abstract/15BB58112871. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Malley, Z. J. U., Semoka, J., Kamasho, J. A. and Kabungo, C. V. (2006), “Participatory assessment 
of soil degradation in the uplands of southwestern Tanzania: implications for sustainable agriculture 
and rural livelihoods”, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 13: 
183–197, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Manjoro, M. (2006), “Understanding farmers: explaining soil and water conservation behavior in 
small-holder farmers in Southern Zimbabwe”, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 8: 
239–252. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Spring2006PDF/article06_01.htm. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                MEA (2005), Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis, Millennium Ecosystem 
Assessment Series, Washington, DC (Island Press). Online version (accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Synthesis.html. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Mertz, O., Halsnæs, K., Olesen, J. E. and Rasmussen, K. (2009), “Adaptation to climate change in 
developing countries”, Environmental Management, 43: 743–752, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Millar, D. and Dittoh, S. (2004), “Interfacing two knowledge systems: Local knowledge and science 
in Africa”, Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 1(2): 70–84, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Moges, A. and Holden, N. M. (2007), “Farmers’ perceptions of soil erosion and soil fertility loss in 
Southern Ethiopia”, Land Degradation & Development, 18: 543–554, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Muia, V. K. (2013), An assessment of perceptions towards land degradation in Kasikeu Division, 
Makueni County, Kenya, Master’s thesis, School of Environmental Studies of Kenyatta University, 
Nairobi. URL (accessed June 2014): 
  http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/6569. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Nellemann, C., MacDevette, M., Manders, T., Eickhout, B., Svihus, B., Prins, A. G. and Kaltenborn, 
B. P., eds. (2009), The environmental food crisis – The environment’s role in averting future food 
crises. A UNEP rapid response assessment, Norway (United Nations Environment Programme, 
GRID-Arendal). Online version (accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Neupane, R. P. and Thapa, G. P. (2001), “Impact of agroforestry intervention on soil fertility 
and farm income under the subsistence farming system of the middle hills, Nepal”, Agriculture, 
Ecosystems & Environment, 84: 157–167, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Nkonya, E., Gerber, N., von Braun, J. and De Pinto, A. (2011), “Economics of Land Degradation: 
The Costs of Action versus Inaction”, IFPRI Issue Brief ,  68, Washington, DC (IFPRI). URL 
(accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib68.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Nyangena, W. and Sterner, T. (2008), “Social Capital and Institutions in Rural Kenya: Is Machakos 
Unique?”, Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series, 08-01, Washington, DC 
(Resources for the Future). URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.rff.org/Publications/Pages/PublicationDetails.aspx?PublicationID=17526. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Oba, G. and Kaitira, L. M. (2006), “Herder knowledge of landscape assessments in arid rangelands 
in northern Tanzania”, Journal of Arid Environments, 66: 168–186, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Oberthur, T., Barrios, E., Cook, S., Usma, H. and Escobar, G. (2004), “Increasing the relevance of 
scientific information in hillside environments through understanding of local soil management in 
a small watershed of the Colombian Andes”, Soil Use and Management, 20: 23–31, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Okoba, B. O. and Sterk, G. (2006), “Farmers’ identification of erosion indicators and related erosion 
damage in the Central Highlands of Kenya”, Catena, 65: 292–301, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Oldeman, L. R. (1998), “Soil Degradation: A Threat to Food Security?”, Report, 98/01, Wageningen 
(International Soil Reference and Information Centre). Online version (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.isric.org/content/soil-degradation-threat-food-security. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Olson, J. M., Misana, S., Campbell, J., Mbonile, M. and Mugisha, S. (2004), “The Spatial Patterns 
and Root Causes of Land Use Change of East Africa”, LUCID Project Working Paper,  47, Nairobi 
(International Livestock Research Institute). URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.lucideastafrica.org/publications.htm. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Ortiz-Solorio, C. A., Gutiérrez-Castorena, M. C., Licona-Vargas, A. L. and Sánchez-Guzmán, 
P. (2005), “Contemporary influence of indigenous soil (land) classification in Mexico”, Eurasian 
Soil Science, 38(1): S89–S94. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Paniagua, A., Kammerbauer, J., Avedillo, M. and Andrews, A. (1999), “Relationship of soil 
characteristics to vegetation successions on a sequence of degraded and rehabilitated soils in 
Honduras”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 72: 215–225, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Pattanayak, S. I. and Mercer, D. E. (2002), “Indexing soil conservation: farmer perceptions of 
agroforestry benefits”, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, I5: 63–85, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Peprah, K., Yiran, G. B. and Owusu, A. B. (2014), “Land use trajectories, forest cover change and 
consequential land degradation of the Asunafo forest, Ghana”, International Journal of Innovative 
Research & Studies, 3(2): 487–503. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.ijirs.com/vol_3_issue-2_2.php. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Pulido, J. S. and Bocco, G. (2003), “The traditional farming system of a Mexican indigenous 
community; the case of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacan”, Geoderma, 111: 249–265, 
[ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Rasul, G. (2007), “Political ecology of the degradation of forest commons in the Chittagong Hill 
Tracts of Bangladesh”, Environmental Conservation, 34(2): 153–163, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Reed, M. S., Dougill, A. J. and Taylor, M. J. (2007), “Integrating local and scientific knowledge for 
adaptation to land degradation: Kalahari rangeland management options”, Land Degradation & 
Development, 18: 249–268, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Reynolds, J. F., Stafford-Smith, D. M., Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Mortimore, M., Batterbury, 
S. P. J., Downing, T. E., Dowlatabadi, H., Fernández, R. J., Hernick, J. E., Huber-Sannwald, 
E., Jiang, H., Leemans, R., Lynam, T., Maestre, F., Ayarza, M. and Walker, B. (2007), “Global 
desertification: building a science for dryland development”, Science, 316: 847–851, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Roba, H. G. and Oba, G. (2009), “Efficacy of integrating herder knowledge and ecological methods 
for monitoring rangeland degradation in Northern Kenya”, Human Ecology, 37: 588–612, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Ryder, R. (2003), “Local soil knowledge and site suitability evaluation in the Dominican Republic”, 
Geoderma, 111: 289–305, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Saad, A. M. A., Shariff, N. M. and Gairola, S. (2011), “Nature and causes of land degradation and 
desertification in Libya: need for sustainable land management”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 
10(63): 13 680–13 687, [ DOI]. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-abstract/32CCC8137020. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Safriel, U. N. (2007), “The assessment of global trends in land degradation”, in Sivakumar, M. V. K. 
and Ndiang’ui, N., eds., Climate and Land Degradation, pp. 1–39, Berlin; New York (Springer), 
[ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Sankhayan, P. L., Gurung, N., Sitúala, B. K. and Hofstad, O. (2003), “Bio-economic modeling 
of land use and forest degradation at watershed level in Nepal”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & 
Environment, 94: 105–116, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Santibañez, F. and Santibañez, P. (2007), “Trends in land degradation in Latin America and the 
Caribbean, the role of climate change”, in Sivakumar, M. V. K. and Ndiang’ui, N., eds., Climate 
and Land Degradation, pp. 65–81, Berlin; New York (Springer), [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Schreiber, K. V., Harrison, J. and Sterk, G. (2012), “Agrometeorological aspects of desertification”, 
in Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices, Geneva (World Meteorological Organization). 
URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/agm/gamp/gamp_en.php. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Seely, M. and Wöhl, H. (2004), “Connecting research to combating desertification”, Environmental 
Monitoring and Assessment, 99: 23–32, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Seely, M., Dirkx, E., Hager, C., Klintenberg, P., Roberts, C. and von Oertzen, D. (2008), “Advances in 
desertification and climate change research: Are they accessible for application to enhance adaptive 
capacity?”, Global and Planetary Change, 64: 236–243, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Shiferaw, B. and Holden, S. T. (1998), “Resource degradation and adoption of land conservation 
technologies in the Ethiopian Highlands: A case study in Andit Tid, North Shewa”, Agricultural 
Economics, 18: 233–247, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Solomon, T. B., Snyman, H. A. and Smit, G. N. (2007), “Cattle-rangeland management practices 
and perceptions of pastoralists towards rangeland degradation in the Borana zone of southern 
Ethiopia”, Journal of Environmental Management, 82: 481–494, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Styger, E., Rakotondramasy, H. M., Pfeffer, M. J., Fernandes, E. C. M. and Bates, D. M. (2007), 
“Influence of slash-and-burn farming practices on fallow succession and land degradation in the 
rainforest region of Madagascar”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 119: 257–269, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Swinton, S. M. and Quiroz, R. (2003), “Is poverty to blame for soil, pasture and forest degradation 
in Peru’s Altiplano?”, World Development, 31: 1903–1919, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Thapa, G. B. and Weber, K. E. (1991), “Soil erosion in developing countries: a politic economic 
explanation”, Environmental Management, 15: 461–473, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Tiffen, M., Mortimore, M. and Gichuki, F. (1994), “Population Growth and Environmental 
Recovery: Policy Lessons from Kenya”, Gatekeeper Series,  45, London (International Institute 
for Environment and Development). URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://pubs.iied.org/6059IIED.html. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Tsegaye, G. and Bekele, W. (2010), “Farmers’ perceptions of land degradation and determinants of 
food security at Bilate Watershed, Southern Ethiopia”, Ethiopian Journal of Applied Sciences & 
Technology, 1(1): 49–62. URL (accessed October 2014): 
  http://www.ju.edu.et/ejast/?q=node/30. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Verstraete, M. M., Brink, A. B., Scholes, R. J., Beniston, M. and Stafford-Smith, M. (2008), 
“Climate change and desertification: Where do we stand, where should we go?”, Global and 
Planetary Change, 64: 105–110, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                von Braun, J., Gerber, N., Mirzabaev, A. and Nkonya, E. (2013), “The economics of land 
degradation”, ZEF Working Paper Series, 109, Bonn (Center for Development Research (ZEF), 
University of Bonn). URL (accessed June 2014): 
  http://hdl.handle.net/10419/88314. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Vu, Q. M., Le, Q. B., Frossard, E. and Vlek, P. L. G. (2014), “Socio-economic and biophysical 
determinants of land degradation in Vietnam: An integrated causal analysis at the national level”, 
Land Use Policy, 36: 605–617, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Ward, D., Ngairorue, A., Ben, T., Apollus, A. and Tjiveze, H. (2000), “Perceptions and realities 
of land degradation in arid Otjimbingwe, Namibia”, Journal of Arid Environments, 45: 337–356, 
[ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Warren, A. (2002), “Land degradation is contextual”, Land Degradation & Development, 13: 449–459, 
[ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Warren, A., Osbahr, H., Batterbury, S. and Chappell, A. (2003), “Indigenous views of soil erosion at 
Fandou Beri, southwestern Niger”, Geoderma, 111: 439–456, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Waswa, B. S., Vlek, P. L. G., Tamene, L., Okoth, P. F., Mbakaya, D. S. and Zingore, S. (2013), 
“Evaluating indicators of land degradation in smallholder farming systems of western Kenya”, 
Geoderma, 195–196: 192–200, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Winslow, M., Shapiro, B. I., Thomas, R. and Shetty, S. V. R. (2004), “Desertification, drought, 
poverty and agriculture: Research lessons and opportunities”, Aleppo et al. (ICARDA et al.). 
URL (accessed June 2014): 
  http://www.unpei.org/sites/default/files/PDF/resourceefficiency/KM-resourceDesertification-Drought-Poverty-Agriculture2004.pdf. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Zhang, K., Li, X., Zhou, W., Zhang, D. and Yu, Z. (2006), “Land resource degradation in China: 
Analysis of status, trends and strategy”, International Journal of Sustainable Development & 
World Ecology, 13(5): 397–408, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 | 
              
              
                | * | 
                 | 
                Zurayk, R., el Awar, F., Hamadeh, S., Talhouk, S., Sayegh, C., Chehab, A. G. and al Shab, K. 
(2001), “Using indigenous knowledge in land use investigations: a participatory study in a semi-arid 
mountainous region of Lebanon”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 86: 247–262, [ DOI]. 
                  
                 |