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"Outdoor Recreation and Nature Tourism:
A European Perspective"

Simon Bell and Liisa Tyrväinen and Tuija Sievänen and Ulrike Pröbstl and Murray Simpson

	Abstract
1	Introduction
	1.1	Scope of the paper
	1.2	Structure of the paper
2	Drivers and trends in the demand for outdoor recreation and nature tourism in Europe and the likely implications for policy and planning
	2.1	Social and demographic drivers and trends
	2.2	Environmental drivers and trends
	2.3	Monitoring changes in recreation behaviour and assessing changes in demand
	2.4	On-site inventories: monitoring visitor flows
	2.5	Trends in recreation participation
	2.6	Trends in the development of nature tourism
	2.7	Potential benefits of nature tourism to communities
3	The increasing evidence base for health benefits of outdoor recreation and access to nature
4	Conflicts arising from outdoor recreation and nature tourism and sustainable management of resources and environments
	4.1	Europe
	4.2	North America
	4.3	Principles of sustainable nature tourism
	4.4	Management of nature tourism
5	Conclusions and research needs for the future
	5.1	The drivers of recreation
	5.2	Health and well-being
	5.3	Conflicts between recreation and nature tourism on sustainable use of resources and environments
	References
	Figures
	Tables

List of Tables

Table 1:
Participation rates in some recreation activities in six European countries, Canada and the United States in the 1990s and 2000s.

Table 2:
Number of visits in Finland’s national parks over the years 1996–2005. Source: Metsähallitus (2006), Finland.

Table 3:
Measured changes in 1982–2002 and forecasting rate of change in outdoor recreation participation 2010–2050 in the United States. Sources: a) Cordell et al. (1997), b) NSRE (2003), c) Cordell (2004).

Table 4:
Expected changes in popularity of outdoor activities in future (Cordell, 2004, 2005).