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"Outdoor Recreation and Nature Tourism:
A European Perspective"

Simon Bell and Liisa Tyrväinen and Tuija Sievänen and Ulrike Pröbstl and Murray Simpson

	Abstract
1	Introduction
	1.1	Scope of the paper
	1.2	Structure of the paper
2	Drivers and trends in the demand for outdoor recreation and nature tourism in Europe and the likely implications for policy and planning
	2.1	Social and demographic drivers and trends
	2.2	Environmental drivers and trends
	2.3	Monitoring changes in recreation behaviour and assessing changes in demand
	2.4	On-site inventories: monitoring visitor flows
	2.5	Trends in recreation participation
	2.6	Trends in the development of nature tourism
	2.7	Potential benefits of nature tourism to communities
3	The increasing evidence base for health benefits of outdoor recreation and access to nature
4	Conflicts arising from outdoor recreation and nature tourism and sustainable management of resources and environments
	4.1	Europe
	4.2	North America
	4.3	Principles of sustainable nature tourism
	4.4	Management of nature tourism
5	Conclusions and research needs for the future
	5.1	The drivers of recreation
	5.2	Health and well-being
	5.3	Conflicts between recreation and nature tourism on sustainable use of resources and environments
	References
	Figures
	Tables

List of Figures

	Figure 1: A typical scene in Finland, where people are cooking outdoors in the forest.
	Figure 2: A path in Scotland where access to the land is much more open now than it used to be thanks to new legislation.
	Figure 3: A trail in a park in Helsinki which has been specially laid out with older people in mind.
	Figure 4: An abandoned field in Latvia, the result of economic and social changes in the countryside.
	Figure 5: Potential benefits resulting from Nature Tourism.
	Figure 6: A hiking path in Halkidiki in Greece provides opportunities for nature tourism.
	Figure 7: Encouraging young children to be active outdoors is important for their physical and social development.
	Figure 8: An urban park in the Netherlands provides valuable green space in a crowded country.
	Figure 9: High quality landscapes are frequently associated with good restorative values.
	Figure 10: The concept of the expert based survey.
	Figure 11: The most important types of conflict identified for each country participating in the survey.
	Figure 12: The European forest regions emerging from the analysis.
	Figure 13: A path in the forests of the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus is linked to the nature tourism strategy of the country, part of an integrated approach.
	Figure 14: A lake in Latvia with a very natural structure and unpolluted water is ideal for bird watching.
	Figure 15: Accommodation at an ecotourist lodge in the Western Ghats of India has been developed with sustainable principles in mind and provides employment for local people.