References
| * | Ahern, J. (1991), “Planning for an extensive open space system: linking landscape structure and
function”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 21(1-2): 131–145, [ DOI].
|
|
| * | Atauri, J. A. and de Lucio, J. V. (2001), “The role of landscape structure in species richness
distribution of birds, amphibians, reptiles and lepidopterans in Mediterranean landscapes”,
Landscape Ecology, 16(2): 147–159, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Back, H.-E., Rohner, M.-S., Seidling, W. and Willecke, S. (1996), Konzepte zur Erfassung und
Bewertung von Landschaft und Natur im Rahmen der ‘ökologischen Flächenstichprobe’, Fachserie
19, Reihe 6, Wiesbaden (Statistisches Bundesamt).
|
|
| * | Baguette, M. and Van Dyck, H. (2007), “Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional
grain as a key determinant for dispersal”, Landscape Ecology, 22(8): 1117–1129, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Bailey, D., Billeter, R., Aviron, S., Schweiger, O. and Herzog, F. (2007), “The influence of thematic
resolution on metric selection for biodiversity monitoring in agricultural landscapes”, Landscape
Ecology, 22(3): 461–473, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Baldwin, D. J. B., Weaver, K., Schnekenburger, F. and Perera, A. H. (2004), “Sensitivity of
landscape pattern indices to input data characteristics on real landcapes: Implications for their
use in natural disturbances emulation”, Landscape Ecology, 19(3): 255–271.
|
|
| * | Banko, G., Schneider, W., Wrbka, T., Schmitzberger, I. and Estreguil, C. (2000), “Einsatz von
Fernerkundungs- und GIS-Methoden zur Charakterisierung Europäischer Landschaften unter
dem Aspekt der Erhaltung der Biodiversität”, in Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. and Griesebner, G.,
eds., Angewandte Geographische Informationsverarbeitung XII, Beiträge zum AGIT-Symposium,
Salzburg 2000, pp. 24–29, Heidelberg (Wichmann).
|
|
| * | Bastian, O. and Haase, G. (1992), “Zur Kennzeichnung des biotischen Regulationspotentials im
Rahmen von Landschaftsdiagnosen”, Zeitschrift für Ökologie und Naturschutz, 1(1): 23–34.
|
|
| * | Bennett, A. F. (2003), Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife
Conservation, Conserving Forest Ecosystems Series, 1, Gland; Cambridge (IUCN). [Google Books].
|
|
| * | Benton, T. G., Vickery, J. A. and Wilson, J. D. (2003), “Farmland biodiversity: is habitat
heterogeneity the key?”, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(4): 182–188, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Billeter, R., Liira, J., Bailey, S., Bugter, R., Arens, P., Augenstein, I., Aviron, S., Baudry, J.,
Bukacek, R., Burel, F., Cerny, M., De Blust, G., De Cock, R., Diekötter, T., Dietz, H., Dirksen,
J., Dormann, C., Durka, W., Frenzel, M., Hamersky, R., Hendrickx, F., Herzog, F., Klotz, S.,
Koolstra, B., Lausch, A., Le Coeur, D., Maelfait, J., Opdam, P., Roubalova, M., Schermann, A.,
Schermann, N., Schmidt, T., Schweiger, O., Smulders, M., Speelmans, M., Simova, P., Verboom, J.,
van Wingerden, W., Zobel, M. and Edwards, P. (2008), “Indicators for biodiversity in agricultural
landscapes: a pan-European study”, Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(1): 141–150.
|
|
| * | Bissonette, J. A., ed. (1997), Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale, New
York (Springer). [Google Books].
|
|
| * | Blab, J., Klein, M. and Ssymank, A. (1995), “Biodiversität und ihre Bedeutung in der
Naturschutzarbeit”, Natur und Landschaft, 70(1): 11–18.
|
|
| * | Blaschke, T. (2000), “Landscape metrics: Konzepte eines jungen Ansatzes der Landschaftsökologie
und Anwendungen in Naturschutz und Landschaftsforschung”, Archiv für Naturschutz und
Landschaftsforschung, 39: 267–299.
|
|
| * | Blaschke, T., Tiede, D. and Heurich, M. (2004), “3D-landscape metrics to modelling forest structure
and diversity based on laser-scanning data”, in Thies, M., Koch, B., Spiecker, H. and Weinacker,
H., eds., Laser-Scanners for Forest and Landscape Assessment, Proceedings of the ISPRS working
group VIII/2, Freiburg, Germany, 3 – 6 October 2004, ISPRS Archives, XXXVI, Part 8/W2, pp.
129–132, Freiburg (Albert Ludwigs University). Online version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/8-W2/.
|
|
| * | BMU (2007), “National Strategy on Biological Diversity: Adopted by the Federal Cabinet on 7
November 2007”, Küchler-Krischun, J. and Walter, A. M., eds., BMU Brochure, Berlin (Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety). Online version (accessed
12 October 2011): http://www.bmu.de/english/nature/downloads/doc/41253.php.
|
|
| * | BNatschG (2009), “Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Rechts des Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege”,
Bundesgesetzblatt I, Nr. 51, Köln (Bundesanzeiger Verlag). Online version (accessed 25 October
2011): http://www.bgbl.de/Xaver/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl.
|
|
| * | Bock, M., Rossner, G., Wissen, M., Remm, K., Langanke, T., Lang, S., Klug, H., Blaschke, T. and
Vrščaj, B. (2005), “Spatial indicators for nature conservation from European to local scale”,
Ecological Indicators, 5(4): 322–338, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Bolliger, J., Wagner, H. H. and Turner, M. G. (2007), “Identifying and Quantifying Landscape
Patterns in Space and Time”, in Kienast, F., Wildi, O. and Ghosh, S., eds., A Changing World:
Challenges for Landscape Research, Landscape Series, 8, pp. 177–194, Berlin (Springer), [DOI].
|
|
| * | Bork, H.-R., Dalchow, C., Kächele, H., Piorr, H.-P. and Wenkel, K.-O.
(1995), Agrarlandschaftswandel in Nordost-Deutschland unter veränderten Rahmenbedingungen:
Ökologische und ökonomische Konsequenzen, Berlin (Ernst und Sohn).
|
|
| * | Botequilha Leitão, A. and Ahern, J. (2002), “Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics
in sustainable landscape planning”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 59(2): 65–93, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Botequilha Leitão, A., Miller, J., Ahern, J. and McGarigal, K. (2006), Measuring Landscapes: A
Planner’s Handbook, Washington, DC (Island Press).
|
|
| * | Brosofske, K. D., Chen, J., Crow, T. R. and Saunders, S. C. (1999), “Vegetation responses to
landscape structure at multiple scales across a Northern Wisconsin, USA, pine barrens landscape”,
Plant Ecology, 143: 203–218, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Brotons, L. and Rosell, C. (2001), “Identifying asymmetries in landscape use at different scales by
forest birds and mammals: a tool for ecological planning and corridor design”, in Mander, Ü.,
Printsmann, A. and Palang, H., eds., Development of European Landscapes, Publicationes Instituti
Geographici Universitatis Tartuensis, 92, pp. 565–566, Tartu (University of Tartu).
|
|
| * | Büchs, W., Harenberg, A., Zimmermann, J. and Weiß, B. (2003), “Biodiversity, the ultimate
agri-environmental indicator? Potential and limits for the application of faunistic elements as
gradual indicators in agroecosystems”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 98: 99–123, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Buchwald, K. (1982), “Die natürliche Umwelt des Menschen sichern: Landschaft und
Landschaftsschutz in der industriellen Gesellschaft”, Der Bürger im Staat, 32(2): 99–107.
|
|
| * | Bundesamt für Naturschutz (2008), “Daten zur Natur 2008”, Münster (Landwirtschaftsverlag).
|
|
| * | Burel, F., Baudry, J., Butet, A., Clergeau, P., Delettre, Y., Le Coeur, D., Dubs, F., Morvan, N.,
Paillat, G., Petit, S., Thenail, C., Brunel, E. and Lefeuvre, J.-C. (1998), “Comparative biodiversity
along a gradient of agricultural landscapes”, Acta Oecologica, 19(1): 47–60, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Burnett, M. R., August, P. V., Brown Jr, J. H. and Killingbeck, K. T. (1998), “The Influence
of Geomorphological Heterogeneity on Biodiversity. I. A Patch-Scale Perspective”, Conservation
Biology, 12(2): 363–370, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Butaye, J., Jacquemyn, H. and Hermy, M. (2001), “Differential colonization causing non-random
forest plant community structure in a fragmented agricultural landscape”, Ecography, 24(4):
369–380, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Cain, D. H., Riitters, K. H. and Orvis, K. (1997), “A multi-scale analysis of landscape statistics”,
Landscape Ecology, 12(4): 199–212, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Cardillo, M., Macdonald, D. W. and Rushton, S. P. (1999), “Predicting mammal species richness
and distributions: testing the effectiveness of satellite-derived land cover data”, Landscape Ecology,
14(5): 423–435, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Castilla, G., Larkin, K., Linke, J. and Hay, G. (2009), “The impact of thematic resolution on the
patch-mosaic model of natural landscapes”, Landscape Ecology, 24(1): 15–23, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Corry, R. C. (2005), “Characterizing fine-scale patterns of alternative agricultural landscapes with
landscape pattern indices”, Landscape Ecology, 20(5): 591–608, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Dale, V. H., Brown, S., Haeuber, R. A., Hobbs, N. T., Huntly, N., Naiman, R. J., Riebsame, W. E.,
Turner, M. G. and Valone, T. J. (2000), “Ecological principles and guidlines for managing the use
of land”, Ecological Applications, 10(3): 639–670.
|
|
| * | Deutschewitz, K. (2001), Landschaftsstruktur und Verbreitungsmuster invasiver Pflanzengruppen,
Diploma thesis, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam. Online version (accessed 12 October 2011): http://www.ufz.de/data/lausch_deutschewitz_diplom15556248.pdf.
|
|
| * | Dierßen, K. and Hoffmann-Kroll, R. (2004), “Naturschutzziele, Naturschutzplanung und Indikatoren
für den Zustand der Natur aus der Ökologischen Flächenstichprobe”, in Wiggering, H. and
Müller, F., eds., Umweltziele und Indikatoren: Wissenschaftliche Anforderungen an ihre Festlegung
und Fallbeispiele, Geowissenschaften + Umwelt, pp. 267–308, Berlin (Springer).
|
|
| * | Dormann, C. F., Blaschke, T., Lausch, A., Schröder, B. and Söndgerath, D., eds. (2004),
Habitatmodelle – Methodik, Anwendung, Nutzen, Tagungsband zum Workshop, Leipzig, 8. – 10.
Oktober 2003, UFZ-Berichte, 9/2004, Leipzig (UFZ Leipzig-Halle). Online version (accessed 12
October 2011): http://www.ufz.de/index.php?de=5901.
|
|
| * | Dorner, B., Lertzman, K. and Fall, J. (2002), “Landscape pattern in topographically complex
landscapes: issues and techniques for analysis”, Landscape Ecology, 17(8): 729–743, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Dramstad, W. E., Olson, J. D. and Forman, R. T. T. (1996), Landscape Ecology Principles in
Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning, Washington, DC (Island Press).
|
|
| * | Dröschmeister, R. (2001), “Bundesweites Naturschutzmonitoring in der ”Normallandschaft” mit
der Ökologischen Flächenstichprobe”, Natur und Landschaft, 76(2): 58–69.
|
|
| * | Duelli, P. (1997), “Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: An approach at two different
scales”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 62: 81–91, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Dufour, A., Gadallah, F., Wagner, H. H., Guisan, A. and Buttler, A. (2006), “Plant species
richness and environmental heterogeneity in a mountain landscape: effects of variability and spatial
configuration”, Ecography, 29(4): 573–584, [DOI].
|
|
| * | EEA (2000), “From Land Cover to Landscape Diversity in the European Union”, Brussels (European
Commission). Online version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/reports/.
|
|
| * | EEA (2005), “Agriculture and environment in EU-15 – the IRENA indicator report”, EEA Report,
6/2005, Copenhagen (European Environment Agency). Online version (accessed 25 October 2011):
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2005_6.
|
|
| * | EEA (2007), “Halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010: proposal for a first set of indicators to monitor
progress in Europe”, Technical Report, 11/2007, Copenhagen (European Environment Agency).
Online version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/technical_report_2007_11.
|
|
| * | Enzian, S. and Gutsche, V. (2004), “GIS-gestützte Berechnung der Ausstattung von Agrarräumen
mit naturnahen terrestrischen Biotopen auf der Basis der Gemeinden – 2. Ausgabe
des Verzeichnisses der regionalisierten Kleinstrukturanteile”, Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen
Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 56(12): 299–308.
|
|
| * | Ernoult, A., Bureau, F. and Poudevigne, I. (2003), “Patterns of organisation in changing landscapes”,
Landscape Ecology, 18: 239–251, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Erz, W. (1980), “Naturschutz - Grundlagen, Probleme und Praxis”, in Buchwald, K. and Engelhardt,
W., eds., Handbuch für Planung, Gestaltung und Schutz der Umwelt, Vol.3: Die Bewertung und
Planung der Umwelt, pp. 560–637, München; Wien (BLV Verlagsgesellschaft).
|
|
| * | Failing, L. and Gregory, R. (2003), “Ten common mistakes in designing biodiversity indicators for
forest policy”, Journal of Environmental Management, 68(2): 121–132, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Faith, D. P., Carter, G., Cassis, G., Ferrier, S. and Wilkie, L. (2003), “Complementarity, biodiversity
viability analysis, and policy-based algorithms for conservation”, Environmental Science & Policy,
6(3): 311–328, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Fauth, P. T., Gustafson, E. J. and Rabenold, K. N. (2000), “Using landscape metrics to model
source habitat for Neotropical migrants in the midwestern U.S.”, Landscape Ecology, 15(7):
621–631, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Fearer, T. M. and Stauffer, D. F. (2003), “Relationship of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus)
home range size to landscape characteristics”, American Midland Naturalist, 150(1): 104–114,
[0.CO;2]DOI].
|
|
| * | Federal Government (2002), “Perspektives for Germany: Our Strategy for Sustainable Development”,
Berlin (Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung). URL (accessed 12 October 2011): http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/nachhaltigkeit/DE/Berichte/Berichte.html.
|
|
| * | Federal Statistical Office (2010), “Sustainable Development in Germany: Indicator Report 2010”,
Wiesbaden (Federal Statistical Office). Online version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.destatis.de/publikationen.
|
|
| * | Feest, A., Aldred, T. D. and Jedamzik, K. (2010), “Biodiversity quality: A paradigm for
biodiversity”, Ecological Indicators, 10(6): 1077–1082, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Fernández, N., Delibes, M. and Palomares, F. (2007), “Habitat-related heterogeneity in breeding in
a metapopulation of the Iberian lynx”, Ecography, 30(3): 431–439, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Filip, C., Pietsch, M. and Richter, K. (2008), “Biotoptypenvielfalt = Lebensraumvielfalt?: Eine
kritische Beleuchtung GIS-gestützter Raumdiversitätsanalysen aus artengruppenspezifischer
Sicht”, in Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. and Griesebner, G., eds., Angewandte Geoinformatik 2008,
Beiträge zum 20. AGIT-Symposium, Salzburg, 2. – 4. Juli 2008, pp. 534–543, Heidelberg
(Wichmann).
|
|
| * | Forman, R. T. T. (1995), “Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology”, Landscape
Ecology, 10(3): 133–142, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Forman, R. T. T. and Godron, M. (1986), Landscape Ecology, New York (Wiley).
|
|
| * | Franklin, J. F. (1993), “Preserving biodiversity: Species, ecosystems or landscapes”, Ecological
Applications, 3(2): 202–205, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Franklin, J. F. and Forman, R. T. T. (1987), “Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting:
Ecological consequences and principles”, Landscape Ecology, 1(1): 5–18, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Gorresen, P. M. and Willig, M. R. (2004), “Landscape Responses of Bats to Habitat Fragmentation
in Atlantic Forest of Paraguay”, Journal of Mammalogy, 85(4): 688–697, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Grashof-Bokdam, C. (1997), “Forest species in an agricultural landscape in the Netherlands: Effects
of habitat fragmentation”, Journal of Vegetation Science, 8(1): 21–28, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Grillmayer, R. (2000), “Satellitenbildgestützte Analyse der Landschaftsstruktur für die
Habitatbewertung des Steinkauzes”, in Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. and Griesebner, G., eds.,
Angewandte geographische Informationsverarbeitung XII, Beiträge zum AGIT-Symposium,
Salzburg 2000, pp. 202–209, Heidelberg (Wichmann).
|
|
| * | Groom, G., Mücher, C., Ihse, M. and Wrbka, T. (2006), “Remote Sensing in Landscape Ecology:
Experiences and Perspectives in a European Context”, Landscape Ecology, 21(3): 391–408, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Haber, W. (1979), “Theoretische Anmerkungen zur ‘Ökologischen Planung”’, Verhandlungen der
Gesellschaft für Ökologie, 7: 19–29.
|
|
| * | Haber, W. (1989), “Differenzierte Bodennutzung im Siedlungsraum”, disP - The Planning Review,
25(99): 18–21.
|
|
| * | Haber, W. (1998), “Das Konzept der differenzierten Landnutzung: Grundlage für Naturschutz
und nachhaltige Naturnutzung”, in Klingenstein, F., ed., Ziele des Naturschutzes und einer
nachhaltigen Naturnutzung in Deutschland, Tagungsband zum Fachgespräch, Bonn, 24. und 25.
März 1998, pp. 57–64, Bonn (BMU).
|
|
| * | Haber, W. (2003), Biodiversität: Ein neues Leitbild und seine Umsetzung in die Praxis, Dresden
(Sächsische Landesstiftung Natur und Umwelt). Online version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.lanu.de/media/public/lanu_publications/35_Biodiversitaet_Haber_Brosch_web.pdf.
|
|
| * | Haber, W. (2008), “Biological Diversity – a Concept Going Astray?”, GAIA, 17(S1): 91–96.
|
|
| * | Haines-Young, R. H. (2009), “Land use and biodiversity relationships: Land Use Futures”, Land Use
Policy, 26(Supplement 1): S178–S186, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Hamer, T. L., Flather, C. H. and Noon, B. R. (2006), “Factors associated with grassland bird species
richness: the relative roles of grassland area, landscape structure, and prey”, Landscape Ecology,
21(4): 569–583, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Hargrove, W. W., Hoffman, F. M. and Efroymson, R. A. (2005), “A Practical Map-Analysis Tool
for Detecting Potential Dispersal Corridors”, Landscape Ecology, 20(4): 361–373, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Harrison, S. and Fahrig, L. (1995), “Landscape pattern and population conservation”, in Hansson,
L., Fahrig, L. and Merriam, G., eds., Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes, IALE Studies
in Landscape Ecology, 2, pp. 293–308, London (Chapman & Hall). [Google Books].
|
|
| * | Heino, J. (2010), “Are indicator groups and cross-taxon congruence useful for predicting biodiversity
in aquatic ecosystems?”, Ecological Indicators, 10(2): 112–117, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Heinz Center (2008), “Landscape Pattern Indicators for the Nation: A Report from the Heinz Center’s
Landscape Pattern Task Group”, Washington, DC (The H. John Heinz III Center for Science,
Economics and the Environment). Online version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.heinzctr.org/Major_Reports.html.
|
|
| * | Herbst, H. (2007), Verwendbarkeit von Landschaftsstrukturmaßen als Bewertungsinstrument in der
Landschaftsrahmenplanung: Das Beispiel Landschaftsrahmenplan Havelland, Diploma thesis, TU
Berlin, Berlin. Online version (accessed 12 October 2011): http://www.geoinformation.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=149&L=0&type=1.
|
|
| * | Herbst, H., Förster, M., Uehlein, U. and Kleinschmit, B. (2007), “Verwendbarkeit von
Landschaftsstrukturmaßen als Bewertungsinstrument in der Landschaftsrahmenplanung”, in
Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. and Griesebner, G., eds., Angewandte Geoinformatik 2007, Beiträge zum
19. AGIT Symposium Salzburg, 4. – 6. Juli 2007, pp. 234–239, Heidelberg (Wichmann).
|
|
| * | Hietala-Koivu, R., Lankoskib, J. and Tarmi, S. (2004), “Loss of biodiversity and its social cost in an
agricultural landscape”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 103(1): 75–83, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Hobbs, E. R. (1988), “Species richness of urban forest patches and implications for urban landscape
diversity”, Landscape Ecology, 1(3): 141–152, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Hoechstetter, S. (2009), Enhanced methods for analysing landscape structure: Landscape metrics
for characterising three-dimensional patterns and ecological gradients, Ph.D. thesis, TU Dresden,
Dresden.
|
|
| * | Hoechstetter, S., Walz, U., Le Dang, H. and Thinh, N. X. (2008), “Effects of topography and surface
roughness in analyses of landscape structure – A proposal to modify the existing set of landscape
metrics”, Landscape Online, 3: 1–14, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Hoechstetter, S., Walz, U. and Thinh, N. X. (2011), “Adapting lacunarity techniques for
gradient-based analyses of landscape surfaces”, Ecological Complexity, 8(3): 229–238, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Hoffmann-Kroll, R., Schäfer, D. and Seibel, S. (1995), “Indikatorensystem für den Umweltzustand
in Deutschland”, Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1995(8): 589–597.
|
|
| * | Honnay, O., Hermy, M. and Coppin, P. (1999), “Effects of area, age and diversity of forest patches in
Belgium on plant species richness, and implications for conservation and reforestation”, Biological
Conservation, 87(1): 73–84, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Honnay, O., Piessens, K., Van Landuyt, W., Hermy, M. and Gulinck, H. (2003), “Satellite based land
use and landscape complexity indices as predictors for regional plant species diversity”, Landscape
and Urban Planning, 63(4): 241–250, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Howell, C. A., Latta, S. C., Donovan, T. M., Porneluzi, P. A., Parks, G. R. and Faaborg, J. (2000),
“Landscape effects mediate breeding bird abundance in midwestern forests”, Landscape Ecology,
15(6): 547–562, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Jackson, V. L., Laack, L. L. and Zimmerman, E. G. (2005), “Landscape metrics associated with
habitat use by ocelots in south Texas”, Journal of Wildlife Management, 69(2): 733–738,
[0.CO;2]DOI].
|
|
| * | Jaeger, J. A. G. (2000), “Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures
of landscape fragmentation”, Landscape Ecology, 15(2): 115–130, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Jaeger, J. A. G. (2002), Landschaftszerschneidung: Eine transdisziplinäre Studie gemäß dem
Konzept der Umweltgefährdung, Stuttgart (Ulmer).
|
|
| * | Jedicke, E. (2001),
“Biodiversität, Geodiversität, Ökodiversität: Kriterien zur Analyse der Landschaftsstruktur -
ein konzeptioneller Diskussionsbeitrag”, Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung, 33(2/3): 59–68.
|
|
| * | Jenness, J. S. (2004), “Calculating landscape surface area from digital elevation models”, Wildlife
Society Bulletin, 32(3): 829–839, [0.CO;2]DOI].
|
|
| * | Jones, K. B., Neale, A. C., Nash, M. S., Van Remortel, R. D., Wickham, J. D., Riitters, K. H.
and O’Neill, R. V. (2001), “Predicting nutrient and sediment loadings to streams from landscape
metrics: A multiple watershed study from the United States Mid-Atlantic Region”, Landscape
Ecology, 16(4): 301–312, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Juutinen, A., Mönkkönen, M. and Ollikainen, M. (2008), “Do environmental diversity approaches
lead to improved site selection? A comparison with the multi-species approach”, Forest Ecology
and Management, 255(11): 3750–3757, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Kaule, G. and Henle, K. (1991), “Überblick über Wissensstand und Forschungsdefizite”, in Henle,
K. and Kaule, G., eds., Arten- und Biotopschutzforschung für Deutschland, Berichte aus der
Ökologischen Forschung, 4, pp. 2–44, Jülich (Forschungszentrum Jülich).
|
|
| * | Kiel, S. and Albrecht, K. (2004), “Großräumige Landschaftsbewertung mit landscape metrics
im Praxistest – Ein Methodenvergleich”, in Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. and Griesebner, G., eds.,
Angewandte Geoinformatik 2004, Beiträge zum 16. AGIT-Symposium, Salzburg, 7. – 9. Juli 2004,
pp. 323–332, Heidelberg (Wichmann).
|
|
| * | Knickel, K., Janßen, B., Schramek, J. and Käppel, K. (2001), “Naturschutz und Landwirtschaft:
Kriterienkatalog zur ‘Guten fachlichen Praxis”’, Bonn (Bundesamt für Naturschutz).
|
|
| * | Kolasa, J. and Rollo, C. D. (1991), “Introduction: The heterogeheity of heterogeneity: A glossary”,
in Kolasa, J., Pickett, S. T. A. and Allen, T. F. H., eds., Ecological Heterogeneity, Ecological
Studies, 86, pp. 1–23, New York (Springer).
|
|
| * | Lamb, E. G., Bayne, E., Holloway, G., Schieck, J., Boutin, S., Herbers, J. and Haughland, D. L.
(2009), “Indices for monitoring biodiversity change: Are some more effective than others”,
Ecological Indicators, 9(3): 432–444, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Lang, S. and Blaschke, T. (2007), Landschaftsanalyse mit GIS, Stuttgart (Ulmer UTB).
|
|
| * | Lapin, M. and Barnes, B. V. (1995), “Using the landscape ecosystem approach to assess species and
ecosystem diversity”, Conservation Biology, 9(5): 1148–1158, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Lassen, D. (1979), “Unzerschnittene verkehrsarme Räume in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”,
Natur und Landschaft, 54(12): 333–334.
|
|
| * | Lausch, A. and Herzog, F. (2002), “Applicability of landscape metrics for the monitoring of landscape
change: issues of scale, resolution and interpretability”, Ecological Indicators, 2(1-2): 3–15, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Lawler, J. J. and Edwards, T. C. (2002), “Landscape patterns as habitat predictors: building and
testing models for cavity-nesting birds in the Uinta Mountains of Utah, USA”, Landscape Ecology,
17: 233–245, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Li, H. and Reynolds, J. F. (1995), “On definition and quantification of heterogeneity”, Oikos, 73(2):
280–284, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Li, H. and Wu, J. (2004), “Use and misuse of landscape indices”, Landscape Ecology, 19(4): 389–399,
[DOI].
|
|
| * | LIKI (2011), “Indikatoren”, project homepage, Länderinitiative für einen länderübergreifenden
Kernindikatorensatz (LIKI). URL (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.lanuv.nrw.de/liki-newsletter/.
|
|
| * | Lipp, T. (2009), “Berücksichtigung der biologischen Vielfalt in der raumbezogenen Umweltplanung”,
Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung, 41(2): 36–40.
|
|
| * | Mas, J.-F., Gao, Y. and Pacheco, J. A. N. (2010), “Sensitivity of landscape pattern metrics to
classification approaches”, Forest Ecology and Management, 259(7): 1215–1224, [DOI].
|
|
| * | McAlpine, C. A. and Eyre, T. J. (2002), “Testing landscape metrics as indicators of habitat loss and
fragmentation in continuous eucalypt forests (Queensland, Australia)”, Landscape Ecology, 17(8):
711–728, [DOI].
|
|
| * | McGarigal, K. and Cushman, S.A (2005), “The gradient concept of landscape structure”, in Wiens,
J. A. and Moss, M. R., eds., Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology, Cambridge Studies
in Landscape Ecology, pp. 112–119, Cambridge; New York (Cambridge University Press). [Google
Books].
|
|
| * | McGarigal, K. and Marks, B. J. (1995), “FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for
Quantifying Landscape Structure”, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-351, Portland, OR
(USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station). Online version (accessed 12 October
2011): http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/gtrs-prior-1997.shtml.
|
|
| * | McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., Neel, M. C. and Ene, E. (2002), “FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern
Analysis Program for Categorical Maps”, project homepage, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
URL (accessed 12 October 2011): http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html.
|
|
| * | Miller, J. N., Brooks, R. P. and Croonquist, M. J. (1997), “Effects of landscape patterns on biotic
communities”, Landscape Ecology, 12(3): 137–153, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Moser, B., Jaeger, J. A. G., Tappeiner, U., Tasser, E. and Eiselt, B. (2007), “Modification of
the effective mesh size for measuring landscape fragmentation to solve the boundary problem”,
Landscape Ecology, 22(3): 447–459, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Moser, D., Zechmeister, H. G., Plutzar, C., Sauberer, N., Wrbka, T. and Grabherr, G. (2002),
“Landscape patch shape complexity as an effective measure for plant species richness in rural
landscape”, Landscape Ecology, 17(7): 657–669, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Müller, D., Göbel, N., Karl, H. and Thamm, R. (2008), “Ermittlung der regionalen Mindestdichten
von zur Vernetzung erforderlichen linearen und punktförmigen Elementen nach § 5 (3)
BNatschG”, Natur und Landschaft, 83(8): 356–364.
|
|
| * | Müller, F. and Wiggering, H. (2004), “Umweltindikatoren als Maßstäbe zur Bewertung von
Umweltzuständen und -entwicklungen”, in Wiggering, H. and Müller, F., eds., Umweltziele
und Indikatoren: Wissenschaftliche Anforderungen an ihre Festlegung und Fallbeispiele,
Geowissenschaften + Umwelt, pp. 121–128, Berlin (Springer).
|
|
| * | Nagendra, H. (2002), “Opposite trends in response for the Shannon and Simpson indices of landscape
diversity”, Applied Geography, 22(2): 175–186, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Neel, M. C., McGarigal, K. and Cushman, S. A. (2004), “Behavior of class-level landscape metrics
across gradients of class aggregation and area”, Landscape Ecology, 19(4): 435–455, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Nichols, W. F., Killingbeck, K. T. and August, P. V. (1998), “The Influence of Geomorphological
Heterogeneity on Biodiversity. II. A Landscape Perspective”, Conservation Biology, 12(2): 371–379,
[DOI].
|
|
| * | Noss, R. F. (1983), “A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain Diversity”, BioScience, 33(11):
700–706, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Noss, R. F. (1990), “Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach”, Conservation
Biology, 4(4): 355–364, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Öckinger, E. and Smith, H. G. (2008), “Do corridors promote dispersal in grassland butterflies and
other insects”, Landscape Ecology, 23(1): 27–40, [DOI].
|
|
| * | O’Neill, R. V., Krummel, J. R., Gardner, R. H., Sugihara, G., Jackson, B., DeAngelis, D. L., Milne,
B. T., Turner, M. G., Zygmunt, B., Christensen, S. W., Dale, V. H. and Graham, R. L. (1988),
“Indices of landscape pattern”, Landscape Ecology, 1(3): 153–162, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Ortega, M., Elena-Rosello, R. and García del Barrio, J. M. (2004), “Estimation of Plant Diversity
at Landscape Level: A Methodological Approach Applied to Three Spanish Rural Areas”,
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 95(1): 97–116, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Plachter, H. (1991), Naturschutz, Stuttgart (Gustav Fischer UTB).
|
|
| * | Rempel, R. (2008), “Patch Analyst for ArcGIS: Version 4”, project homepage, Centre for Northern
Forest Ecosystem Research. URL (accessed 12 October 2011): http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~rrempel/patch/.
|
|
| * | Rey Benayas, J. M. and de la Montaña, E. (2003), “Identifying areas of high-value vertebrate
diversity for strengthening conservation”, Biological Conservation, 114: 357–370, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Ricketts, T. H. (2001), “The Matrix Matters: Effective Isolation in Fragmented Landscapes”,
American Naturalist, 158(1): 87–99, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Ricotta, C., Corona, P., Marchetti, M., Chirici, G. and Innamorati, S. (2003), “LaDy: software for
assessing local landscape diversity profiles of raster land cover maps using geographic windows”,
Environmental Modelling & Software, 18(4): 373–378, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Riitters, K. H., O’Neill, R. V., Hunsaker, C. T., Wickham, J. D., Yankee, D. H., Timmins, S. P.,
Jones, K. B. and Jackson, B. L. (1995), “A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure
metrics”, Landscape Ecology, 10(1): 23–39, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Romero, S. (2007), Influence of Landscape Structure on Movement Behavior and Habitat Use by
Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium Castaneum), Ph.D. thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
Online version (accessed 12 October 2011): http://hdl.handle.net/2097/417.
|
|
| * | Sala, O. E., Chapin III, F. S., Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald,
E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D. M., Mooney, H. A.,
Oesterheld, M., Poff, N. L., Sykes, M. T., Walker, B. H., Walker, M. and Wall, D. H. (2000),
“Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100”, Science, 287(5459): 1770–1774, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K. and Wrbka, T. (2008), “Towards a core set of landscape metrics for
biodiversity assessments: A case study from Dadia National Park, Greece”, Ecological Indicators,
8(5): 502–514, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Schmitt, E. [Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde] (2004), “Natur- und Landschaftsschutzgebiete”, in
Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Unser Land in Karten, Texten und Bildern, pp. 94–95,
München; Heidelberg (Elsevier / Spektrum Akademischer Verlag).
|
|
| * | Schüpbach, B., Gfeller, M., Jeanneret, P., Lips, A. and Bigler, F. (1999), “Wirkungskontrolle
der landwirtschaftlichen Ökomaßnahmen für die Biodiversität im schweizerischen Agrarraum”,
in Blaschke, T., ed., Umweltmonitoring und Umweltmodellierung: GIS und Fernerkundung als
Werkzeuge einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, pp. 209–214, Heidelberg (Wichmann).
|
|
| * | Shaffer, M. L. (1981), “Minimum population sizes for species conservation”, BioScience, 31: 131–134,
[DOI].
|
|
| * | SRU – Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen (2005), “Umwelt und Straßenverkehr: Hohe
Mobilität – Umweltverträglicher Verkehr. Sondergutachten”, Baden-Baden (Nomos).
|
|
| * | Stachow, U. (1995), “Naturraum- und Biotopausstattung”, in Bork, H.-R., Dalchow, C., Kächele,
H., Piorr, H.-P. and Wenkel, K.-O., eds., Agrarlandschaftswandel in Nordost-Deutschland unter
veränderten Rahmenbedingungen: ökologische und ökonomische Konsequenzen, pp. 286–321,
Berlin (Ernst und Sohn).
|
|
| * | Steiner, N. and Köhler, W. (2002), “Modellierung der Artendiversität auf verschiedenen
Skalenebenen in Abhängigkeit von der Landschaftsstruktur”, in Korn, H. and Feit, U., eds.,
Treffpunkt biologische Vielfalt II, pp. 205–208, Bonn (Landwirtschaftsverlag / BfN).
|
|
| * | Steinhardt, U., Herzog, F., Lausch, A., Müller, E. and Lehmann, S. (1999), “The Hemeroby Index
for Landscape Monitoring and Evaluation”, in Pykh, Y. A., Hyatt, D. E. and Lenz, R. J. M.,
eds., Environmental Indices: Systems Analysis Approach, Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Environmental Indices Systems Analysis Approach (INDEX-97) St. Petersburg,
Russia, July 7 – 11, 1997, pp. 237–257, Oxford (EOLSS).
|
|
| * | Strand, H., Höft, R., Strittholt, J., Miles, L., Horning, N., Fosnight, E. and Turner, W., eds.
(2007), Sourcebook on Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indicators: Prepared by the NASA-NGO
Biodiversity Working Group and UNEP-WCMC to support implementation of the Convention
on Biological Diversity, CBD Technical Series, 32, Montreal (Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity). URL (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.cbd.int/ts/.
|
|
| * | Sukopp, U. (2007), “Der Nachhaltigkeitsindikator für die Artenvielfalt: Ein Indikator für den
Zustand von Natur und Landschaft”, in Gedeon, K., Mitschke, A. and Sudfeldt, C., eds., Brutvögel
in Deutschland, pp. 34–35, Hohenstein-Ernstthal (Verein Sächsischer Ornithologen).
|
|
| * | Sundell-Turner, N. M. and Rodewald, A. D. (2008), “A comparison of landscape metrics for
conservation planning”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 86(3-4): 219–225, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Swenson, J. J. and Franklin, J. (2000), “The effects of future urban development on habitat
fragmentation in the Santa Monica Mountains”, Landscape Ecology, 15(8): 713–730, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Tasser, E., Sternbach, E. and Tappeiner, U. (2008), “Biodiversity indicators for sustainability
monitoring at municipality level: An example of implementation in an alpine region”, Ecological
Indicators, 8(3): 204–223, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Tews, J., Brose, U., Grimm, V., Tielbörger, K., Wichmann, M. C., Schwager, M. and Jeltsch, F.
(2004), “Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of
keystone structures”, Journal of Biogeography, 31(1): 79–92, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Tiede, D., “V-LATE: Vector-based Landscape Analysis Tools Extension”, project homepage,
University of Salzburg. URL (accessed 22 September 2011): http://www.geo.sbg.ac.at/larg/vlate.htm.
|
|
| * | Tischendorf, L. (2001), “Can landscape indices predict ecological processes consistently?”, Landscape
Ecology, 16(3): 235–254, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Turner, M. G. (1989), “Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process”, Annual Review of
Ecology and Systematics, 20: 171–197, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Turner, M. G. (2005), “Landscape ecology: What is the state of the science?”, Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 36: 319–344, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Turner, M. G., Gardner, R. H. and O’Neill, R. V. (2003), Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice:
Pattern and Process, New York; Berlin (Springer), 2nd edn.
|
|
| * | Umweltbundesamt (2007), “Environmental data for Germany: Environmental indicators”,
Dessau-Roßlau (German Federal Environment Agency). Online version (accessed 12 October 2011):
http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3436.pdf.
|
|
| * | UNEP (2001), “Indicators and environmental impact assessment: Designing national level monitoring
programmes and indicators”, UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/7/12, Montreal (UNEP/CBD). Online
version (accessed 25 October 2011): http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-07/official/sbstta-07-12-en.pdf.
|
|
| * | United Nations (1993), “Multilateral Convention on Biological Diversity (with annexes): Concluded
at Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992”, New York (United Nations). Online version (accessed 25
October 2011): http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume1760/v1760.pdf.
|
|
| * | Uuemaa, E., Antrop, M., Roosaare, J., Marja, R. and Mander, Ü. (2009), “Landscape Metrics and
Indices: An Overview of Their Use in Landscape Research”, Living Reviews in Landscape Research,
3(1): lrlr-2009-1, [DOI]. URL (accessed 1 March 2011): http://lrlr.landscapeonline.de/lrlr-2009-1. |
|
| * | Visser, U. and Wiegand, K. (2004), “Einfluss der Struktur von Agrarlandschaften auf die
Biodiversität”, in Agrarproduktion und Biodiversität, Tagungsband zum Kolloquium in Jena,
18. Mai 2004, pp. 58–62, Erfurt (TMLFUN). Online version (accessed 24 October 2011): http://www.thueringen.de/de/publikationen/pic/pubdownload568.pdf.
|
|
| * | Wagner, H. H. and Edwards, P. J. (2001), “Quantifying habitat specificity to assess the contribution
of a patch to species richness at a landscape area”, Landscape Ecology, 16(2): 121–131, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Waldhardt, R. and Otte, A. (2000), “Zur Terminologie und wissenschaftlichen Anwendung des
Begriffs Biodiversität”, Wasser & Boden, 52(1/2): 10–13.
|
|
| * | Walz, U. (2006), “Landschaftsstruktur – zwischen Theorie und Praxis”, in Kleinschmit, B. and Walz,
U., eds., Landschaftsstrukturmaße in der Umweltplanung, Beiträge zum Workshop der IALE-AG
Landschaftsstruktur, Berlin 2006, Landschaftsentwicklung und Umweltforschung, S19, pp. 4–17,
Berlin (TU Berlin). [Google Books].
|
|
| * | Walz, U. and Schauer,
P. (2009), “Unzerschnittene Freiräume als Schutzgut?: Landschaftszerschneidung in Deutschland
mit besonderem Fokus auf Sachsen”, in Siedentop, S. and Egermann, M., eds., Freiraumschutz
und Freiraumentwicklung durch Raumordnungsplanung: Bilanz, aktuelle Herausforderungen und
methodisch-instrumentelle Perspektiven, ARL-Arbeitsmaterial, 349, pp. 46–70, Hannover (ARL).
|
|
| * | Weinzierl, H. (2004), “Biodiversität - eine politisch-gesellschaftliche Herausforderung”, Berichte der
ANL, 28: 17–23.
|
|
| * | Wiens, J. A. (1989), “Spatial scaling in ecology”, Functional Ecology, 3(4): 385–397, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Wiersma, Y. F., Nudds, T. D. and Rivard, D. H. (2004), “Models to distinguish effects of landscape
patterns and human population pressures associated with species loss in Canadian national parks”,
Landscape Ecology, 19(7): 773–786, [DOI].
|
|
| * | With, K. A. (2005), “Landscape conservation: a new paradigm for the conservation of biodiversity”,
in Wiens, J. A. and Moss, M. R., eds., Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology, Cambridge
Studies in Landscape Ecology, pp. 238–247, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).
|
|
| * | Wrbka, T. et al. [Projektteam SINUS] (2003), “Endbericht zum Forschungsprojekt SINUS:
Landschaftsökologische Strukturmerkmale als Indikatoren der Nachhaltigkeit (Spatial INdicators
for Land USe Sustainability)”, Wien (BMBWK).
|
|
| * | Xiang, W.-N. (1996), “GIS-based riparian buffer analysis: injecting geographic information into
landscape planning”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 34(1): 1–10, [DOI].
|
|
| * | Zebisch, M. (2002), “Vom Landschaftsmuster zur ökologischen Bewertung: Bericht von zwei
Konferenzen der IALE in Amerika und Europa”, Landschaftsplanung.NET, 2002. URL (accessed
12 October 2011): http://www.lapla-net.de/texte/2002/zebisch/zebisch.pdf.
|
|
| * | Zebisch,
M. (2004), Modellierung der Auswirkungen von Landnutzungsänderungen auf Landschaftsmuster
und Biodiversität, Ph.D. thesis, TU Berlin, Berlin. Online version (accessed 12 October 2011): http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2004/814/.
|
Ulrich Walz, "Landscape Structure, Landscape Metrics and Biodiversity",
Living Rev. Landscape Res., 5 (2011), 3, doi:10.12942/lrlr-2011-3, URL (accessed <date>): http://lrlr.landscapeonline.de/lrlr-2011-3.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
© The author(s), except where otherwise noted.
Living Rev. Landscape Res., 5 (2011), 3, doi:10.12942/lrlr-2011-3, URL (accessed <date>): http://lrlr.landscapeonline.de/lrlr-2011-3.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
© The author(s), except where otherwise noted.