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"How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions"

Christoph Kueffer and Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	A theoretical framework for the analysis of the effectiveness of problem-oriented research
3	The societal problem of biotic invasions and the field of invasion research
	3.1	The societal problem of biotic invasions
	3.2	The field of invasion research
4	The production of systems knowledge – Understanding the processes underlying biotic invasions
	4.1	The classical model
	4.2	Phase transition models
	4.3	Natural experiments
	4.4	Multifactorial analyses of case studies
	4.5	Landscape ecology
	4.6	Vector science
	4.7	Land use science
5	The production of target knowledge – Valuation of the impacts of invasive species
	5.1	Biological impact research
	5.2	The native/alien debate
	5.3	Ecological risk assessment
	5.4	Economic valuation
	5.5	Socioeconomic valuation
6	The production of transformation knowledge – Research that addresses the options for managing biotic invasions
	6.1	Prevention
	6.2	Early detection and eradication
	6.3	The control of invasive species
7	Discussion
	7.1	The evolution of invasion research: The search for an adequate framing of problem-oriented research on biotic invasions
	7.2	Forms of boundary management
8	Conclusions
9	Acknowledgements
	References
	Figures
	Tables

Figure 4: Research on transformation knowledge enhances the options of actors to take action. The control of an invasive species, for instance, is only effective if the removal is considered in an ecosystem context and a broad alliance of stakeholders support the actions. In Seychelles, control programmes by the Ministry of Environment are accompanied by replanting the targeted areas with native species, whereby the local community is involved. The picture shows school children planting endemic palms after the eradication of the invasive shrub Clidemia hirta (Photo by Stefan Zemp).