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"How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions"

Christoph Kueffer and Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	A theoretical framework for the analysis of the effectiveness of problem-oriented research
3	The societal problem of biotic invasions and the field of invasion research
	3.1	The societal problem of biotic invasions
	3.2	The field of invasion research
4	The production of systems knowledge – Understanding the processes underlying biotic invasions
	4.1	The classical model
	4.2	Phase transition models
	4.3	Natural experiments
	4.4	Multifactorial analyses of case studies
	4.5	Landscape ecology
	4.6	Vector science
	4.7	Land use science
5	The production of target knowledge – Valuation of the impacts of invasive species
	5.1	Biological impact research
	5.2	The native/alien debate
	5.3	Ecological risk assessment
	5.4	Economic valuation
	5.5	Socioeconomic valuation
6	The production of transformation knowledge – Research that addresses the options for managing biotic invasions
	6.1	Prevention
	6.2	Early detection and eradication
	6.3	The control of invasive species
7	Discussion
	7.1	The evolution of invasion research: The search for an adequate framing of problem-oriented research on biotic invasions
	7.2	Forms of boundary management
8	Conclusions
9	Acknowledgements
	References
	Figures
	Tables

9 Acknowledgements

CK was supported by USDA Cooperative Research, Education, and Extension Service Award Grant # 2006-35320-17360 to C.C. Daehler. We thank Curt Daehler, Jake Alexander and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of the article, Jake Alexander for revising the language, and Eva Schumacher for assistance with the preparation of the figures.