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"How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions"

Christoph Kueffer and Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	A theoretical framework for the analysis of the effectiveness of problem-oriented research
3	The societal problem of biotic invasions and the field of invasion research
	3.1	The societal problem of biotic invasions
	3.2	The field of invasion research
4	The production of systems knowledge – Understanding the processes underlying biotic invasions
	4.1	The classical model
	4.2	Phase transition models
	4.3	Natural experiments
	4.4	Multifactorial analyses of case studies
	4.5	Landscape ecology
	4.6	Vector science
	4.7	Land use science
5	The production of target knowledge – Valuation of the impacts of invasive species
	5.1	Biological impact research
	5.2	The native/alien debate
	5.3	Ecological risk assessment
	5.4	Economic valuation
	5.5	Socioeconomic valuation
6	The production of transformation knowledge – Research that addresses the options for managing biotic invasions
	6.1	Prevention
	6.2	Early detection and eradication
	6.3	The control of invasive species
7	Discussion
	7.1	The evolution of invasion research: The search for an adequate framing of problem-oriented research on biotic invasions
	7.2	Forms of boundary management
8	Conclusions
9	Acknowledgements
	References
	Figures
	Tables

Figure 3: Research on target knowledge helps to clarify the valuation of the impacts of invasive species and their management. On tropical oceanic islands, Coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) are an important element of the landscape aesthetics of beaches for tourists (picture above) and a valuable source of food and building material for local people. However, in Seychelles, Coconut palms are considered to be invasive by nature conservationists. Native lowland vegetation, which is a critical habitat for endangered endemic birds, only recovers after the removal of these palms (picture below, Seychelles Magpie Robin Copsychus sechellarum on Aride Island). The valuation of the Coconut palm is further complicated because on many oceanic islands it is not known if the species is native or alien (Photos by Eva Schumacher).