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"How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions"

Christoph Kueffer and Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	A theoretical framework for the analysis of the effectiveness of problem-oriented research
3	The societal problem of biotic invasions and the field of invasion research
	3.1	The societal problem of biotic invasions
	3.2	The field of invasion research
4	The production of systems knowledge – Understanding the processes underlying biotic invasions
	4.1	The classical model
	4.2	Phase transition models
	4.3	Natural experiments
	4.4	Multifactorial analyses of case studies
	4.5	Landscape ecology
	4.6	Vector science
	4.7	Land use science
5	The production of target knowledge – Valuation of the impacts of invasive species
	5.1	Biological impact research
	5.2	The native/alien debate
	5.3	Ecological risk assessment
	5.4	Economic valuation
	5.5	Socioeconomic valuation
6	The production of transformation knowledge – Research that addresses the options for managing biotic invasions
	6.1	Prevention
	6.2	Early detection and eradication
	6.3	The control of invasive species
7	Discussion
	7.1	The evolution of invasion research: The search for an adequate framing of problem-oriented research on biotic invasions
	7.2	Forms of boundary management
8	Conclusions
9	Acknowledgements
	References
	Figures
	Tables

Figure 1: A conceptualisation of effective problem-oriented research. In situations where facts are highly uncertain and conflicts of interests and values are high (post-normal situations), the effectiveness of science-based societal problem-solving depends simultaneously on the adequateness of i. the causal understanding of the problem, ii. the handling of conflicts of interests and values, and iii. the means of action. Science can contribute to the clarification of these points through the production of systems, target and transformation knowledge, respectively. However, the link between the scientific production of these interdependent knowledge forms and an adequate understanding and handling of the problem is not evident and has to be clarified through deliberation among experts and stakeholders (boundary management). Such boundary management is itself a part of effective problem-oriented research.